All About Sourdough

Most people can explain the difference in taste between sourdough bread and "regular" bread.  And those of us who are handy around the kitchen know that sourdough bread involves a "starter."  But what is a "starter," and what does it really do?

Sourdough bread is, in a sense, fermented.  The starter takes the place of yeast in the dough, by providing CO2 bubbles to make the dough rise.  (If you make much bread, sourdough is a great way to save money, by the way.  I don't know if you've noticed, but the cost of yeast is ridiculous!)

There are two main differences between sourdough starter and commercial yeast.  The first is that sourdough starter uses "wild" yeast.  (And because each starter is propagated from itself, some sourdough starters are historical, dating back at least several hundred years in an unbroken line.)  In fact, you can make your own starter at home by adding flour to water, setting it out in a warm place, and waiting.  Because wild yeast is ubiquitous, your DIY sourdough starter will eventually be colonized with a local strain of yeast.

The second difference is that the sourdough starter is a living organism, almost like a pet.  So it does require a bit more care than the jar of powdered yeast you buy at the store.  Because the sourdough's yeasts are constantly consuming their food supply (the flour and water base), it has to occasionally be replenished to keep the yeast from dying off.  At a maintenance level, you can simply add half a cup of flour and half a cup of water, which will keep your starter going for several weeks.  

Sourdough bread also requires a bit of forethought, because you have to feed your starter to get it going and ready to make bread.  One or two days before you plan to bake, you will need to feed your starter enough flour and water to get it to double.  (The specific amounts will also depend on how much starter you have at the time, and how much starter you will need for your recipe.)  The yeast will nom on the flour you give it, and grow accordingly.

Once it's time for baking, all you need to do is hold back a tiny bit of starter (even a tablespoon is enough to restart your culture) for the future.  There are a lot of great resources for information on the care and feeding of sourdough starters; one of the best is here at Breadtopia.  Another excellent detailed article can be found on the Wikibooks project.

One interesting fact about sourdough starters is that after a few months, the balance of yeasts shifts towards local wild yeasts.  And yeast tastes different everywhere in the world.  A lot of sourdough enthusiasts regularly swap sourdough starter cultures, in order to taste test sourdoughs from different regions.  

The sourdough yeast found in San Francisco is famous as being one of the best-tasting sourdoughs.  Sadly for the rest of the world, a San Francisco starter will soon be overtaken by local yeasts if you take a bit home.

Creative Commons-licensed photo courtesy of Flickr user Jeremy Cherfas

Victor Hirtzler, The Hotel St. Francis Cook Book

This is another wonderful historical cookbook archived by the Feeding America project.  Victor Hirtzler was the head chef of the Hotel St. Francis in San Francisco, one of the most prestigious hotels (and hotel restaurants) in the country.  His cook book was published by The Hotel Monthly Press in 1919.  

An interesting bit of history is archived here on the Preface, which initially confused me:

"The recipes in my book calling for wine and liqueurs for flavoring may be followed by those whose legitimate supplies are not used up; and where these cannot be had there are non-alcoholic substitutes available with the flavor near perfect."

This seemed cryptic, until I remembered the time when the book was published.  Prohibition had just begun in 1919, and perhaps if chef Hirtzler decided not to edit his recipes to switch non-alcoholic ingredients, it's because he thought that Prohibition wouldn't last.  He turned out to be right about that, of course, but I wonder what kinds of conversations he had with his publisher over that decision!

The Hotel St. Francis Cook Book is organized a little unusually.  Instead of grouping recipes by any sensible means, Hirtzler chose to group them by day and menu.  The book begins on January 1, with fifteen recipes across three meals, including a breakfast that features calf liver and onions (not so great for a hangover I'm thinking), a lunch with cold ham and tongue salad, and a dinner with Squab pot pie a la Anglaise.     

The recipes themselves are more like notes than recipes as I tend to think of them.  For example, the entry for Boiled Whitefish Netherlands Style simply says "Boil, and serve on napkin with small boiled potatoes, lemon and parsley.  Serve melted butter separately."

Other recipes are more verbose, but only barely.

The Hotel St. Francis Cook Book strikes me as something that Hirtzler wrote in order to pass on his legacy and scheduling finesse to his eventual successor.  Presumably that successor would be fairly accomplished with the cooking thing, and would need little in the way of instruction.  Just the odd tip here and there, the little bits of finesse that Hertzler implemented, the things that made his meals for the hotel unique.

Hertzler was a fairly clever with his meal planning, as a close eye can spot.  For example, his dinner for June 8 includes "Broiled egg plant."  And his breakfast for June 9 includes "Omelet with egg plant," which begins with the instructions to "Use any broiled egg plant that may be left over."

Hertzler also gave a lot of thought to his meals, tailoring them to seasonal preferences (I noticed that the breakfasts, for example, are a lot heavier in winter than in summer) and to seasonal ingredients.  It's worth noting that until fairly recently, you had to wait for a vegetable or fruit to be in season before you could use it (much less put it down on paper as the breakfast for that day).  Hertzler must have really known his stuff, if he felt confident enough to put down "Fresh strawberries with cream" for April 5th!

How To Make The Best Omelet

I feel like omelets don't get the respect they deserve.  For many people, an omelet is something that is served at an omelet station for Easter brunch, with your mother in law nagging at your elbow about the high cost of cheese, or heaven knows what.  The omelet has an undeserved reputation for being difficult, and most people think they simply can't be bothered.

The truth is that an omelet is only slightly more trouble than making scrambled eggs.  And as we all know, it doesn't get much easier than scrambled eggs!  I find that omelets are also a great way to use up leftover ingredients, all those little bits and pieces that you didn't use for dinner last night, but aren't enough to make a meal with themselves.

An omelet is the perfect blank slate for just about anything.  Off the top of my head, I have used chives, green onions, alfalfa sprouts, cheese (everything from ricotta to your basic cheddar), ham, turkey, bacon, swiss chard, asparagus, salsa, bell peppers, mushrooms, and fresh basil.  Tougher ingredients (like leeks, onions, greens, and garlic) should be sautéed separately until brown.  

Be sure to have all of your fillings at the ready, because once you start cooking, it will go quickly.  Heat your pan and use a bit of oil or butter as grease.  

Crack the eggs into a bowl (usually two or three eggs per omelet) and add about a teaspoon of water per egg.  Add a bit of salt and pepper while you're at it.  Beat the eggs until they are nicely blended, and maybe a little on the frothy side.  Adding milk or cream is unnecessary, and constitutes a culinary urban legend.

Once the pan is up to temp, pour in the eggs.  As the eggs start to cook, your job is to keep moving around the bottom (cooked) layer to let the top (runny) layer pour down to the surface of the pan.  Using the edge of a spatula, push the cooked layer aside and jiggle or tilt the pan to let the runny eggs seep in there.  Keep doing this until the egg is all pretty well cooked - too solid to run around anymore.  

At this point, most recipes and guides take you through an elaborate explanation of how to flip the omelet in the pan.  Don't be ridiculous - this is breakfast, not Show Off Time.  Let's be honest, unless you're trying to impress house guests, I'm guessing you're more interested in cooking an edible thing than in dropping your omelet on the stovetop while trying to look flashy.  If you want to learn how to flip an omelet, there are plenty of tutorials available.  

Instead, I'm going to be super boring and suggest that you use the spatula to flip the omelet.  It will be pretty solid by now, and turning it over is just like flipping a pancake.

Add your fillings immediately, piling them up along the center line.  The opposite side will cook quickly, in 30-60 seconds tops.  Fold your omelet, then slide it gently out onto the plate.  And there you have it - a delicious, "fancy" breakfast in about five minutes.

How to Choose Ocean Friendly Seafood

Fisheries around the world are in serious trouble, with many facing a complete collapse due to unsustainable and destructive fishing practices that have wrecked havoc with the ocean's ecosystem and depleted many fishing stocks to near extinction. This can pose a dilemma for those seeking the important health benefits of including fish in your regular diet. So how can you still find ways to fit in the important health benefits of seafood in a safe and ocean friendly way?

To find safe, ocean friendly seafood you need to know three things:

  1. What species of fish are you using?
  2. Where did it come from; is it wild or farm raised?
  3. And how was it caught?

Endangered Species of Fish:  When searching for ocean friendly seafood it is important to avoid any species that appears on the Red List of depleted and endangered species. This includes most species of tuna including blue fin tuna and albacore tuna as well as pollock, red snapper, sword fish, tropical shrimp, Atlantic cod, grouper, Atlantic Halibut, and Atlantic Salmon. Species of fish and other seafood appearing on the Red List are so severely depleted that they are approaching extinction and should be avoided.

Farm Raised Verses Wild Caught Fish:  Some species, such as Tilapia in the US, are raised on controlled farms instead of taken from wild populations which are much safer for the environment. However, aquaculture practices in other parts of the world, such as Asian raised Tilapia are not quite so environmentally friendly and should be avoided.

Fishing Methods:  Not all fishing methods are the same and one of the most important factors in selecting ocean friendly seafood is the fishing method that is used to catch the fish in question. Certain methods of fishing are extremely destructive, such as bottom trawling, which involves the use of massive nets that drag heavy weights across the bottom of the sea floor destroying everything in its path including coral reefs and other habits. Such destruction can devastate entire regions of the ocean, taking years to recover. Such methods are also extremely wasteful, killing unusable species of fish, dolphins, turtles, and other marine life along with target fish species that are too young or injured to be used. So when looking for ocean friendly seafood, look for fish that have been caught using safer methods such as line fishing or that were harvested from fish farms that keep waste to a minimum and do not allow the farmed species to intermingle in local native water supplies.

Ocean Friendly Seafood Options:   Some of the best choices for ocean friendly seafood include US raised Tilapia, Alaskan Salmon, and Walleye Pollock. For more information on which species are the best, and the worst, for ocean friendly seafood, checkout this list of ocean friendly seafood from Blue Ocean.  You can also check out this great book for sustainable seafood recipes or download the handy seafood guide to help you in making smarter choices that will help to keep our oceans healthy and insure that seafood will be an option for us in the future.

Add Tomatoes for a Healthy Diet

Tomatoes are one of those wonderfully universal foods that can be used in just about any dish that you can think of from tastey omelets to spaghetti dinners.  They can be served raw or cooked.; hot or cold. Not only are they versatile and delicious but adding tomatoes to your diet can be a smart move for better health with benefits ranging from lower cholesterol to better eye sight.

Some of the Health Benefits of Tomatoes:

  • Tomatoes are rich in antioxidants which help fight free radicals in your body. This is important because free radicals can damage cells and lead to cancer in various forms. However, eating a diet rich in antioxidants helps to prevent and protect you from this damage.
  • You can help to cleanse your body of harmful toxins by eating more tomatoes.
  • A diet rich in tomatoes can help to protect your heart and prevent heart disease.
  • Tomatoes and other lycopene rich foods can help to lower your cholesterol adding to the heart smart benefits of tomatoes.
  • Promote better colon health by eating more tomatoes.
  • Boost your immune system by getting over 50% of your daily dose of Vitamin C with just 1 cup of tomatoes.
  • Tomatoes are high in Vitamin A which is great for your eyes.
  • Eating tomatoes helps to promote healthy skin and protect against the damage caused by UV rays.
  • In addition to healthy skin, eating tomatoes on a regular basis can help you to have strong and healthy teeth and hair as well.
  • Fight the signs of aging with this anti-oxidant rich food.
  • A healthy diet full of tomatoes can help you to prevent and minimize the formation of gall stones.
  • Regularly consuming tomatoes is also a great way to protect yourself against bladder cancer and urinary tract infections.

So, what makes tomatoes so good for you? To begin with, tomatoes are a natural source of several important vitamins and nutrients including Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin K, and potassium. In addition to all of the vitamins and essential nutrients found in tomatoes, they are a great source of fiber to. Tomatoes are also an important source of lycopene, the carotene pigment that gives tomatoes their bright red color, is one of the many healthy ingredients found in tomatoes and is one of the key nutrients found to lower cholesterol levels.

It is also important to note that you will get the most benefits out of tomatoes when you are choosing organically grown tomatoes free of harsh chemicals and pesticides, or better yet, grow them yourself in a handy hanging basket wherever you live for a great addition to any meal right at your finger tips.

Because there are so many ways to easily incorporate tomatoes in your regular diet, it can be easy to transform your diet into a healthy tomato rich meal plan. Here area couple of quick ideas of eating tomatoes on a daily basis:

  • Add to omelets, scrambled eggs, or breakfast burritos
  • Snack on low sodium salsa and tortilla chips for a healthy alternative to fat filled junk food.
  • Toss in pasta salads.
  • Add tomatoes to skillet meals or casseroles.
  • Add extra slices to sandwiches, burgers, and pizza.

 

Seattle: Teriyaki Capital of the World

I was a little bit miffed by a recent New York Times article on Seattle's predilection for teriyaki.  Although it tried very hard to keep a straight face, it often expressed a snooty sort of horror, because apparently Seattle likes the wrong KIND of teriyaki.  I can appreciate that the author, John T. Edge, has a very clear idea of what teriyaki ought to be.  But the overall haughty tone was just outright wrong-headed.

Seattle does indeed have a love affair with teriyaki.  When I point this out to people here, they frown in puzzlement.  Seattleites simply don't realize how few teriyaki restaurants there are, once you leave the greater Seattle area.  Edge is correct in that, in noting that teriyaki joints are so common as to have become invisible.

I didn't fully appreciate the ubiquity of teriyaki restaurants in Seattle until I moved away.  I spent a year in Atlanta for a job contract, and I was constantly stymied by the complete lack of teriyaki restaurants.  Sure you could order a few teriyaki items off the menu at a Chinese restaurant, but I'm sure you can appreciate that this is a very different thing from "a teriyaki restaurant."  In fact, as near as I can determine, there are no teriyaki restaurants in Atlanta.  

When I inform a Seattleite of this, they are startled.  In fact, I have had many people insist that I'm joking, that I'm playing a very odd prank, like telling the new kid that there's a pool on the roof of the school and then locking him out.  But I swear it's true!

One thing that confounded me about Edge's article is the amount of time he spent talking about things that are not teriyaki.  He seems to be claiming that Seattleites are such troglodytes that they don't know the difference between teriyaki and anything else.  He starts off by covering two restaurants who serve an ethnic dish which they call "teriyaki" because Seattleites don't know the difference and don't care.

Seriously, people, that's kinda weird.

Edge seems not to have spent any time at a regular teriyaki restaurant.  Which is a little odd for an article that purports to be about them.  He briefly covers the terrible ambiance near the end of his article, but fails to capture the magic.  And I can tell he hasn't been into many cheap teriyaki restaurants because he doesn't say anything about the stack of horrifically out-of-date magazines which can inevitably be found near the cash register or the door, for patrons to peruse while waiting for their teriyaki to arrive.

Edge also overlooks the tradition of the teriyaki salad, which is a confusing combination of iceberg lettuce, shredded carrot, and a dressing best described as "peculiar."  Is it ranch?  Is it Caesar?  It's hard to say - it's white, watery, tangy, and delicious.

And the final tip-off that Edge is unschooled in the way of Seattle teriyaki restaurants: I did not find a single mention of the ubiquitous Styrofoam clamshell container, embossed with a smiley face and "Have A Nice Day" on the top.  Poser!

All About Poached Eggs

One of my projects this year (I refuse to call it a New Year's resolution, because that is the kiss of death) is to follow up on more of the recipes that catch my eye.  I have a terrible habit of bookmarking recipes and then never making them, settling instead for eating the same meals day after day.  

What caught my eye this week wasn't even a recipe, but a procedure.  As I flipped through my copy of Sunset's Easy Basics for Good Cooking, I paused on the section about poached eggs.  Your classic poached egg is tender, with a runny yolk.  This used to appeal to me as a kid, smearing my squares of toast around to mop up the last of the delicious yolk.  

I had lost that taste as an adult, with tales of salmonella dancing in my head.  But now that I have my own pet chickens, and I know that their eggs are free of harmful bacteria, I decided it was time to return to a world before every egg was overcooked.  A kinder gentler time, when eggs weren't crisped within an ounce of their life in a pan.

I also have been having trouble with my nonstick pan, which has decided - despite my tender ministrations and considerations - that it is tired of being nonstick.  If I want to fry eggs now, I really have to fry them in oil or butter.  Not so great for the diet, you know?

One benefit to poached eggs over other methods is that, since they are cooked in water, their cooking doesn't require any additional fat.  To poach an egg, you essentially boil it very gently.  There are at least half a dozen methods for poaching an egg.  I spent every delicious breakfast this week testing them out.

Microwave Poached Eggs:
I remember having tried this before, back in the 80s when microwave cooking was at its height.  As I recall, every single time I tried it, my eggs exploded.  And yet, there are all these instructions for microwave poached eggs on the internet.  Surely my experience must have been unusual, or mis-remembered!

I tried it.  My eggs exploded.  I spent ten minutes cleaning soggy egg goop off the inside of my microwave.  Pity, too, because this would be a fast and non-labor-intensive method.

In A Pan, #1:
Purists insist that you poach an egg by bringing water to a boil, slipping the eggs into the water, then putting a lid on the pan and removing it from the heat.  I tried this several times, but my eggs repeatedly failed to cook.  Like, at all.  I don't mind a runny yolk, but I will not stand for egg whites that are still clear.

In A Pan, #2:
This method worked the best for me.  And by the way, you really do need to add a splash of vinegar.  Just out of curiosity one time I decided to omit the vinegar.  Big mistake!  I ended up with a foamy bubbly mess of egg white scum.

Another thing I learned in the Great Poaching Experiment is that it doesn't do to fill the pan with too much water.  The egg will always sink, so you might as well only put in an inch or two.  And the more water you add, the longer it takes to boil.

Creative Commons licensed picture courtesy of Flickr user vidalia_11

Bread Baking Month

Are you as excited about bread baking month as I am? OK, maybe you’re not, but have you ever had the chance to smell that fresh from the oven aroma that you can only get from baked bread? It’s the most heavenly aroma on Earth! This month, why not try baking some bread on your own?

For beginners, try making an easy quick bread first. In our house, we make pumpkin bread fairly often and banana bread (or muffins) at least every month. These are not only easy to make—they’re also fabulous as a dessert or breakfast, as well as a snack.

To make pumpkin bread, gather together:

  • 1.5 cups flour
  • 1 cup sugar
  • ½ cup olive oil (use extra virgin for a healthy boost)
  • ¼ cup water
  • 1 teaspoon baking soda
  • 2 eggs
  • 1 cup pumpkin puree (we buy canned, but this is a great way to use Halloween pumpkins in October, too!)
  • ½ teaspoon cinnamon
  • ½ teaspoon salt
  • ½ teaspoon nutmeg

If you like nuts, you can also add a half cup of walnuts or pecans (or any nuts of your choice) to the recipe.

Stir your dry ingredients together, and then add your wet ingredients. If you’re using nuts, add them last. Bake in a bread loaf pan for about an hour at 350 degrees. Remember to check the center of the bread just like you would a cake—stick in a fork or toothpick and make sure it pulls out cleanly to be sure it’s done.

For some delicious banana bread, let three bananas sit out on the counter until they’re nice and ripe (you could use a paper bag, too). I like mine to get as dark as possible. (If you do this, be sure to let others know; once my husband composted the bananas I was ripening for bread!) Once they’re ripe enough, gather the rest of your ingredients:

  • 1 cup sugar
  • 2 eggs
  • 2 cups flour
  • 1 teaspoon baking soda
  • ½ cup shortening

Again, if you like nuts (we’re not big on them in my house) you can add a half cup of your favorite variety.

Stir your shortening and sugar together, following with the rest of your ingredients. Bake the batter in a bread loaf pan at 325 degrees for an hour.

Another thing you can do with these recipes to make them healthier is to add your favorite fruits, some flaxseed, or very finely diced vegetables, like carrots. And once you’re ready to tackle some harder bread recipes, you may want to browse these breads for ideas.

January is National Soup Month

Soup is probably my favorite winter food. I’m getting pretty good at finding great places to get soup for lunch—those all-you-can-eat specials (which are sort of redundant, as one bowl with a salad and bread usually fills you up) of delicious potato, vegetable, and many other varieties of warm, creamy goodness. Mmm…

Care to join me in celebrating National Soup Month? Here are some ways we can do it together.

Get Souped Up. Have soup every day if you can stand it! Grab a crockpot and make your own concoctions (chopped up carrots and potatoes with broth and your favorite meat? Add some onions and peppers for some zing?) or buy a few Campbell’s cans for the easy way. Try one of those heat-able, drinkable cans for a new way to eat lunch—or bring it to work in a thermos, old school.

Go on a Soup Diet. You can definitely lose weight eating soup for lunch and dinner if you go low-calorie; just be sure to go low-sodium, too. This can be hard to do with condensed soups; you may want to make your own or look for the low-sodium labels.

Spice Up Your Soup. Add some cheese or sour cream topping, toss in some of your child’s cheese fish crackers, dice up your favorite meat or get some bacon bits and sprinkle them on, or even literally add your favorite spice for a zesty flavor.

Order Soup. Try all of the different soups that your favorite restaurant has to offer. When you eat out, ask what the soup of the day is—or see if there is a soup that the restaurant is famous for. Go somewhere that serves up lots of different soups, like Sweet Tomatoes or Panera Bread, and try all of the flavors. Many places offer a bottomless soup lunch special that will also save you some money.

Make unusual soups. Add your leftovers to some broth and create something entirely new. Use ramen noodles as a base and add your favorite spices or veggies for a new soup. Buy a dehydrated soup package or a bean-based soup in a bag you’ve never tried before and see what you can make for dinner.

Soup is one of the cheapest, most filling, and most comforting meals you can make. What’s your favorite soup? Do you have a special way to really spice up an ordinary soup you can share? Add your soup savvy to the comments below.

Saffron, The Queen of Spices

I was given a tiny bit of saffron as a Christmas present, and I couldn't be more delighted.  Although I have tasted saffron dishes before, I have never had the chance to cook with saffron myself.  I can't wait, but I'm nervous about the possibility of ruining it by accident!

Saffron is the most expensive spice in the world.  Up until fairly recently in human history, it could fairly have been called the most expensive thing in the world (by weight).  Each thread of saffron is the stigma from a very specific kind of crocus, a domesticated variety which is not found in the wild.  

Why is saffron so expensive?  Each crocus puts out only three such stigmas per year.  Each stigma must be hand picked, and hand cultivated.  Every year, people must go out and pick the stigmas, then later dig up the crocus bulbs, divide them by hand, and re-plant them.  This makes it a very labor intensive crop.  According to Wikipedia, a pound of saffron represents the harvest from a saffron field the size of a football field.

Saffron was domesticated about 3,000 years ago, in Bronze Age Crete.  However, wild saffron has been used by people as much as 50,000 years ago, where it was used as a pigment to create paintings of prehistoric animals.  The Sumerians used saffron as a trade item, as did the ancient Persians around the 10th century BC.  

The history of saffron is the history of human culture itself.  Alexander the Great used saffron as a curative and antibacterial, using baths and poultices of the stuff to help cure his battle wounds.  The Chinese emperor who wrote one of China's earliest medical text listed it as the cure to 252 different medical disorders.  Cleopatra used it as an aphrodisiac.  The Minoans documented its therapeutic usages in their frescoes.  Saffron was used as a dye to provide yellow ink for medieval European illuminated manuscripts. During the Black Death, it was used to ward off the plague.  

Today, saffron is most closely associated with the middle East (including Turkey, which is where my saffron was purchased as a gift).  It is also associated with the native cuisine of Cornwall (the Romans brought it to the British Isles during their reign).

If you don't happen to have any saffron handy, turmeric makes an excellent (and affordable) substitution.  Some dishes in which saffron is indispensible:

  • Spain: Paella, a kind of casserole with rice as a base, and a variety of delicious pan-seared meats and vegetables mixed in.  
  • Italy: Risotto alla Milanese, the unofficial dish of Milan.
  • France: The classic bouillabaisse.  Traditional bouillabaisse is a slowly simmered fish stew that uses cheap bony fish like rockfish, and classic Provencal herbs and spices like garlic and basil.
  • Morocco: Tajine dishes, which pair slowly simmered meats with a saffron infused sauce, such as this recipe for Lamb Tagine.
  • India: Saffron is important in many Indian dishes, most importantly the biryani, which is another casserole-like rice dish.

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